
Major
Developments
Page by: Elaine
“A Golden Age” is a Proper Name for the Middle Kingdom
The title of “A Golden Age” is suitable for the Middle Kingdom because they conquered new territories, art and architecture flourished, and they learned how to use new weapons. In the Middle Kingdom, they conquered new territories. This helped the Egyptian pharaohs add to their kingdom’s wealth because they required tribute from conquered lands. By conquering territories, they were able to add thousands of acres to the land already being farmed to increase crop production. And as we learned from our Mesopotamia unit, plants lead to surpluses, which then lead to more population, resulting in job specialization. Art and architecture flourished throughout the Middle Kingdom. In our textbook on Chapter Five, Lesson Three, it says, “These tomb paintings illustrated stories about the deities, as well as scenes from everyday life”. If it hadn’t been for these art pieces, how would humans today know about their deities or daily lifestyles? Towards the end of the Middle Kingdom, the ancient Egyptians were invaded by the Hyksos. Although this might sound terrible, there was still some benefit from this. As stated in Chapter five, lesson three in our textbook, “The Egyptians learned how to steer horse-drawn chariots and use Hyksos weapons.” With this knowledge of weapons and chariots, it must have helped them conquer more lands in the New Kingdom, where they reached the apex of their power. Therefore, the Middle Kingdom should be remembered as “A Golden Age” because they conquered territories, art and architecture blossomed, and they learned about new weapons.
Akhenaten
In around 1370 B.C., a new leader came to power. His name was Amenhotep IV. During his reign, Amenhotep attempted to do the impossible. He tried to change Egypt’s religion to only worshiping the sun god, Aton, instead of being polytheistic and worshiping many gods. The idea of changing Egypt’s religion was implanted into Amenhotep’s head when he believed the priests were too powerful and wealthy. Amenhotep thought of this as a threat to his power. Therefore, to lessen the priests’ authority, he expunged Egypt’s polytheistic ways. When Egypt’s priests opposed of Amenhotep’s change, Amenhotep would remove many of them from their posts, take away their lands, and close down temples. The priests’ social status descended very quickly after this change. However, Amenhotep wouldn’t stop there. He then changed his name to Akhenaten, meaning “Spirit of Aton” and moved the capital to a new city north of Thebes called Akhetaton. Imagine if the new president moved the capital to a new place, and forced us to believe in one religion. Yes, that sounds crazy, but that is what the people of Egypt went through. However, most Egyptians rejected Aton and continued to worship many deities. Therefore, while Egypt was under the weak rule of Akhenaten, they had lost most of their lands in Western Asia due to outside invaders.

A statue of Amenhotep IV, otherwise known as Akhenaten
The Exchange of Envoys
During the reign of Hatshepsut (!473 B.C. – 1458 B.C.), envoys, also known as representatives, were exchanged to maintain close political ties between Egypt and other places such as the Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia, the Mittani in Syria, and the Hittie Empire in Anatolia. The exchange of envoys can be considered a major development in Egypt because it marked the first time in history that a group of nations tried working together to reach common goals. This was the first time in history that the idea of everyone working together for a common purpose, without competition and conquests for the other person's land.
Pyramid Theories
For millennia, people have been asking the question, “How the heck did the Egyptians build those pyramids?” The other Seven Wonders of the Ancient World have long gone, (for example, the hanging gardens of Babylon) but the Great Pyramid still looks good and sturdy. What did the Egyptians know about building that the rest of the ancient world did not? Well, there have been considerable debates about exactly how the Egyptians constructed King Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza. In our social studies textbook, it says that Workers searched for stone in places throughout the Nile River valley or in Upper Egypt. After locating the stone, skilled artisans used copper tools to cut the stone into huge blocks. Next, workers used rope to fasten the blocks onto wooden sleds. The sleds were pulled along a path made of logs to the Nile River. There, the stones were moved onto barges that carried them to the building site. Workers unloaded the blocks and dragged or pushed them up ramps to be set in place at each new level of the pyramid. However, after doing some research online, I found out that Dr. Joseph West of Indiana State University has a new proposal. He suggests the builders may have strapped three round wooden beams to each side of the stone block to "transform the square prism into a dodecagon which can then be moved more easily by rolling than by dragging." Advancements in math and technology that were developed to build these tombs at the time would have been the shape of the structure. For example, If the pyramids weren’t shaped like pyramids, it’s possible the structure might have toppled over years ago. I think this because the apex of the pyramid is a point. If there happens to be a rainfall, it wouldn’t stay on the top, but trickle down the sides. Or, if there is a sandstorm, the sand won’t knock the pyramid over because of the slope on the side. The sand wouldn’t go against the structure, but glide up the pyramid like a backwards slide.
Here are some pictures we took on our trip!


The Luxor Temple located at Luxor Governorate, Egypt

The Abu Simbel Temple located at Aswan Governorate, Egypt

The Great Sphynx of Egypt located on the Giza Platou, Egypt
The Great Pyramid of Giza located on the Giza Platou, Egypt
On The Nile
By: Sue Cardwell
oh
come
my love
and take
a trip with
me upon a
sailing ship
II we'll sail the
II mighty River Nile
take my hand relax
awhile, wondrous days
and magic nights, tombs
temples, ancient sights look
how far the desert sands reach
across these astounding lands see
the reeds as they
rush by azure
waters II
reflect II
the II
sky II
feluccas, Egypt's ancient boats see how silently they float
touching land we stand in awe Valley of the Kings
stretch before to explore our one desire
the need to touch put out the fire
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